@font-face{font-family:newsreader;font-style:normal;font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;font-optical-sizing:auto;src:url(/assets/newsreader-latin.6e4f2958.woff2)format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:newsreader;font-style:italic;font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;font-optical-sizing:auto;src:url(/assets/newsreader-italic-latin.2bf0dbb1.woff2)format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:geist;font-style:normal;font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/geist-latin.19f9c925.woff2)format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:geist mono;font-style:normal;font-weight:400 600;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/geistmono-latin.684ad5b5.woff2)format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:vazirmatn;font-style:normal;font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/vazirmatn-latin.d29c041c.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+??,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122}@font-face{font-family:vazirmatn;font-style:normal;font-weight:400 700;font-display:swap;src:url(/assets/vazirmatn-arabic.84a382e4.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+6??,U+750-77F,U+200C-200E,U+FB50-FDFF,U+FE70-FEFC}:root{--borderStrong:#d3d3ce;--text3:#8a8a90;--onInk:#ffffff;--inkWeak:#f0f0ee;--fontDisplay:'Newsreader', Georgia, serif;--fontUI:'Geist', system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;--fontMono:'Geist Mono', ui-monospace, Menlo, monospace;--fontBase:14.5px;--container:1180px;--prose:700px;--gutter:32px;--headerH:68px;--radius-control:8px;--radius-card:13px;--radius-image:14px;--radius-pill:20px;--shadowSm:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.06);--shadow:0 8px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.20);--shadowLg:0 24px 60px rgba(0,0,0,.30)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]){--bg:#0a0a0b;--surface:#111113;--surface2:#17171a;--border:#242427;--borderStrong:#33333a;--text:#f4f4f6;--text2:#a1a1aa;--text3:#6b6b73;--ink:#f4f4f6;--onInk:#0a0a0b;--inkWeak:#1c1c20;--focus:#7aa2ff}}:root[data-theme=dark]{--bg:#0a0a0b;--surface:#111113;--surface2:#17171a;--border:#242427;--borderStrong:#33333a;--text:#f4f4f6;--text2:#a1a1aa;--text3:#6b6b73;--ink:#f4f4f6;--onInk:#0a0a0b;--inkWeak:#1c1c20;--focus:#7aa2ff}[dir=rtl]{--fontDisplay:'Vazirmatn', Georgia, serif;--fontUI:'Vazirmatn', system-ui, sans-serif}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{font-size:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth;font-optical-sizing:auto}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}}body{margin:0;color:var(--text);background:var(--bg);font:var(--fontBase)/1.6 var(--fontUI);overflow-wrap:break-word;transition:background-color .2s ease,color .2s ease}img,video{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}a{color:inherit}h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:var(--fontDisplay);font-weight:600;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 .4em;text-wrap:pretty;letter-spacing:-.018em}p{text-wrap:pretty}.container{max-width:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;padding-inline:var(--gutter)}@media(max-width:720px){:root{--gutter:18px;--headerH:60px}}.visually-hidden,.nilda-hp{position:absolute!important;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap;border:0}.skip-link{position:fixed;inset-inline-start:.5rem;inset-block-start:-3rem;z-index:1000;padding:.6rem 1rem;background:var(--ink);color:var(--onInk);border-radius:var(--radius-control);text-decoration:none;transition:inset-block-start .15s ease}.skip-link:focus{inset-block-start:.5rem}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--focus);outline-offset:2px}[hidden]{display:none!important}button,input,textarea,select{font:inherit;color:inherit}.site-header{position:sticky;inset-block-start:0;z-index:40;min-height:var(--headerH);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:1.25rem;background:color-mix(in srgb,var(--bg) 82%,transparent);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(12px);backdrop-filter:blur(12px);border-block-end:1px solid var(--border)}.site-header .container{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:1.25rem;width:100%;padding-block:.75rem}.brand{font-family:var(--fontDisplay);font-weight:700;font-size:1.3rem;color:var(--text);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.brand-logo{display:block;height:calc(var(--headerH) - 34px);width:auto;max-width:220px;object-fit:contain}.icon-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:40px;height:40px;min-height:44px;min-width:44px;border:0;background:0 0;color:var(--text2);border-radius:var(--radius-control);cursor:pointer}.icon-btn:hover{color:var(--text);background:var(--surface2)}.menu,.pb-menu{list-style:none;display:flex;gap:1.5rem;margin:0;padding:0}.menu li,.pb-menu li{position:relative}.menu a,.menu>li>span,.menu>li>details>summary,.pb-menu a,.pb-menu>li>span,.pb-menu>li>details>summary{text-decoration:none;font-size:13.5px;font-weight:500;color:var(--text2);padding:.5rem 0;display:inline-block}.menu>li>a:hover,.menu>li.is-open>a,.pb-menu>li>a:hover{color:var(--text)}.menu .menu,.pb-menu .pb-menu{position:absolute;inset-inline-start:0;inset-block-start:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:0;min-width:12rem;padding:.4rem;background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);box-shadow:var(--shadow);z-index:20;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transform:translateY(-4px);transition:opacity .12s ease,transform .12s ease}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.menu .menu,.pb-menu .pb-menu{transition:none}}.menu .menu a,.pb-menu .pb-menu a{padding:.5rem .6rem;border-radius:calc(var(--radius-control) - 2px)}.menu .menu a:hover,.pb-menu .pb-menu a:hover{background:var(--surface2)}.menu li:hover>.menu,.menu li.is-open>.menu,.menu li:focus-within>.menu,.pb-menu li:hover>.pb-menu,.pb-menu li:focus-within>.pb-menu{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;transform:none}[dir=rtl] .menu{direction:rtl}.nilda-progress{position:fixed;inset-block-start:var(--headerH);inset-inline:0;height:2px;background:0 0;z-index:39;pointer-events:none}.nilda-progress>span{display:block;height:100%;inline-size:0;background:var(--text);transition:inline-size 80ms linear}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.nilda-progress>span{transition:none}}.btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:.4rem;min-height:44px;padding:.55rem 1.1rem;border:1px solid var(--ink);border-radius:var(--radius-control);background:var(--ink);color:var(--onInk);font-size:13.5px;font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none}.btn.ghost{background:0 0;color:var(--text);border-color:var(--border)}.btn.ghost:hover{border-color:var(--borderStrong)}input[type=text],input[type=search],input[type=email],input[type=number],textarea{width:100%;min-height:44px;padding:.55rem .75rem;border:1px solid var(--controlBorder,var(--text2));border-radius:var(--radius-control);background:var(--surface2);color:var(--text)}textarea{min-height:auto}.masthead{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;padding-block:1.1rem;border-block-end:1px solid var(--border);font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text3)}.hero{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.1fr 1fr;gap:2.5rem;align-items:center;padding-block:2.5rem;border-block-end:1px solid var(--border)}.hero-title{font-size:50px;letter-spacing:-.03em;margin-block-end:.5rem}.hero-title a{text-decoration:none;color:inherit}@media(max-width:860px){.hero{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:1.25rem}.hero-title{font-size:34px}}.feed-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 320px;gap:3rem;align-items:start;padding-block:2rem 3rem}.feed-main>h2{font-size:1.4rem;margin-block-end:1rem}@media(max-width:980px){.feed-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.sidebar:not(.pb-sidebar){display:none}}.sidebar{position:sticky;inset-block-start:calc(var(--headerH) + 24px);display:grid;gap:1.5rem}.load-more{display:block;margin:1.5rem auto 0}.widget{display:grid;gap:.6rem}.widget-title{margin:0;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text3)}.widget-menu ul,.widget-recent{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.35rem}.widget-menu ul ul{margin-inline-start:.9rem}.widget-menu a,.widget-recent a{color:var(--text2);text-decoration:none}.widget-menu a:hover,.widget-recent a:hover{color:var(--text);text-decoration:underline}form.widget-search{display:flex;gap:.4rem;align-items:stretch;flex-wrap:wrap;inline-size:100%}.widget-search input[type=search]{flex:1 1 8rem;min-width:0}.widget-search button{flex:none;min-inline-size:max-content;padding:0 .9rem;min-height:44px;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-control);background:var(--surface2);color:var(--text2);font-size:12.5px;font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap}.widget-search button:hover{border-color:var(--borderStrong);color:var(--text)}.pb-loop{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:1.25rem}.pb-card{position:relative;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);overflow:hidden;background:var(--surface)}.pb-card-media{position:relative;aspect-ratio:16/10;overflow:hidden;background:var(--surface2)}.pb-card-media img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .55s cubic-bezier(.2,.7,.2,1)}.pb-card:hover .pb-card-media img{transform:scale(1.05)}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.pb-card-media img{transition:none}.pb-card:hover .pb-card-media img{transform:none}}.pb-card-body{padding:1rem 1.1rem 1.2rem}.pb-card-terms{list-style:none;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem;padding:0;margin:0 0 .5rem}.pb-card-term{font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text3);text-decoration:none}.pb-card-title{margin:0 0 .35rem;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:1.32;position:relative;display:inline-block}.pb-card-title a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--text);background-image:linear-gradient(currentColor,currentColor);background-size:0 1px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 100%;transition:background-size .3s ease}.pb-card-title a::after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0}.pb-card:hover .pb-card-title a,.pb-card-title a:focus-visible{background-size:100% 1px;color:var(--text3)}.pb-card-excerpt{margin:.2rem 0 0;color:var(--text2);font-size:.92rem;line-height:1.55}.empty{color:var(--text3);padding:2rem 0}.pb-loop.pb-loop-list .pb-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:190px 1fr;gap:0}.pb-loop.pb-loop-list .pb-card-media{aspect-ratio:4/3}.pb-loop.pb-loop-list .pb-card-body{padding:1rem 1.2rem}@media(max-width:640px){.pb-loop.pb-loop-list .pb-card{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr}}.breadcrumbs{margin-block-end:1rem}.breadcrumbs ol{list-style:none;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.4rem;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:.82rem;color:var(--text3)}.breadcrumbs li+li::before{content:"/";margin-inline-end:.4rem}.byline{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;color:var(--text3);font-size:.86rem;margin-block:.3rem .6rem}.category-pill{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text3);background:var(--surface2);border-radius:var(--radius-pill);padding:.25rem .7rem;margin-block-end:.8rem;text-decoration:none}article.post h1{font-family:var(--fontDisplay);font-size:46px;letter-spacing:-.025em}.post-excerpt-lead{font-family:var(--fontDisplay);font-style:italic;font-size:1.2rem;color:var(--text2);margin-block:.6rem}.share-row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;margin-inline-start:auto}.share-btn{width:32px;height:32px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;border-radius:50%;border:1px solid var(--border);color:var(--text2);background:var(--surface);text-decoration:none}.share-btn:hover{color:var(--text);border-color:var(--borderStrong)}.featured{width:100%;aspect-ratio:21/9;object-fit:cover;border-radius:var(--radius-image);margin-block:1rem 2rem}.content{font-family:var(--fontDisplay);font-size:19px;line-height:1.72}.content>p:first-of-type::first-letter{font-family:var(--fontDisplay);font-size:74px;line-height:.8;float:inline-start;margin-inline-end:11px;margin-block-start:.05em;font-weight:600}.content :where(h2,h3){font-size:26px;margin-block:1.6em .5em;letter-spacing:-.02em}.content :where(h3){font-size:22px}.content p{margin-block:1em}.content a:not(.pb-button){text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px;color:inherit}.content a:not(.pb-button):hover{color:var(--ink)}.content blockquote{margin:1.5em 0;padding-inline-start:1.1em;border-inline-start:2px solid var(--text);font-style:italic;color:var(--text2)}.content :where(img,video,iframe){max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:var(--radius-image)}.content table{display:block;overflow-x:auto;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:var(--fontUI);font-size:14px}.content th,.content td{border:1px solid var(--border);padding:.5rem .7rem;text-align:start}.content pre{direction:ltr;text-align:left}.toc{max-width:var(--prose);margin:1.5rem auto;padding:1rem 1.2rem;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);background:var(--surface2)}.toc-title{font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text3);margin:0 0 .5rem}.toc-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.4rem;font-size:.9rem}.toc-list a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--text2)}.toc-list a:hover{color:var(--text)}.heading-anchor{margin-inline-start:.35em;color:var(--text3);text-decoration:none;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s}:is(h2,h3):hover .heading-anchor,.heading-anchor:focus-visible{opacity:1}.fields-dl{max-width:var(--prose);margin:1.5rem auto;padding:1rem 1.2rem;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);font-size:.92rem}.fields-dl dt{font-weight:600;color:var(--text2);margin-block-start:.6rem}.fields-dl dt:first-child{margin-block-start:0}.fields-dl dd{margin:0;color:var(--text3)}.post-terms{max-width:var(--prose);margin:1.5rem auto;list-style:none;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem;padding:0}.post-terms a{display:inline-block;padding:.25rem .8rem;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-pill);font-size:.82rem;text-decoration:none;color:var(--text2)}.post-terms a:hover{border-color:var(--borderStrong);color:var(--text)}.nilda-reactions{max-width:var(--prose);margin:1.8rem auto;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem;align-items:center}.reaction-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem;padding:.4rem .8rem;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:999px;background:var(--surface);color:var(--text)}.reaction-btn[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--text);background:var(--surface2)}.reaction-btn .count{font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:.82rem;color:var(--text3)}.author-box{max-width:var(--prose);margin:2rem auto;display:flex;gap:1rem;padding:1.2rem;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);background:var(--surface2)}.author-avatar{width:56px;height:56px;border-radius:50%;object-fit:cover;flex:none}.author-name{margin:0 0 .3rem;font-size:1rem}.author-name a{text-decoration:none;color:var(--text)}.author-bio{margin:0;color:var(--text2);font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.55}.related{max-width:var(--container);margin:2.5rem auto;padding-inline:var(--gutter)}.related h2{font-size:1.2rem;margin-block-end:1rem}.embed-placeholder{max-width:var(--prose);margin:1.2rem auto;position:relative;display:grid;place-items:center;min-height:12rem;aspect-ratio:16/9;background:var(--surface2);border:1px dashed var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-image);overflow:hidden}.embed-load{position:relative;z-index:1;padding:.6rem 1.1rem;border:1px solid var(--ink);border-radius:999px;background:var(--surface);color:var(--text);cursor:pointer}.comment-reply{margin-block-start:.35rem;padding:.15rem .55rem;font-size:12px}.comment-replying{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem}.comment-votes{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.35rem;margin-block-start:.35rem}.comment-vote{padding:.1rem .45rem;font-size:12px;line-height:1.2;min-width:2rem}.comment-vote[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--text);background:var(--surface2);font-weight:600}.comment-score{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--text2);min-width:1.5rem;text-align:center}.comment-tools{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.4rem;margin-block-end:.9rem}.comment-tools-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.5rem}.comment-follow[aria-pressed=true]{border-color:var(--text);background:var(--surface2);font-weight:600}.comment-follow-guest{display:inline-flex;gap:.4rem;flex-wrap:wrap}.comment-follow-email{min-width:14rem}.comment-sort{font-size:.85rem}.align-left{text-align:left}.align-center{text-align:center}.align-right{text-align:right}.align-justify{text-align:justify}figure.align-center{margin-inline:auto}figure.align-right{margin-inline-start:auto}.nilda-file{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;max-width:var(--prose);margin:1rem auto;padding:.7rem .9rem;border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);background:var(--surface2)}.nilda-file a{font-weight:600}.nilda-file-meta{color:var(--text3);font-size:12px}.code-block{position:relative;max-width:var(--prose);margin:1.2rem auto}.code-block pre{background:var(--surface2);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-image);padding:1rem 1.1rem;overflow-x:auto;font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:13px;direction:ltr;text-align:left}.code-block .code-copy{position:absolute;inset-block-start:.6rem;inset-inline-end:.6rem;z-index:1;padding:.3rem .7rem;font:11px/1 var(--fontMono);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-control);background:var(--surface);color:var(--text3);cursor:pointer;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s}.code-block:hover .code-copy,.code-block .code-copy:focus-visible{opacity:1}.nilda-comments{max-width:var(--prose);margin:2.5rem auto;padding-inline:var(--gutter)}.nilda-comments h2{font-size:1.3rem}.comment-list{list-style:none;padding:0;margin-block:1rem;display:grid;gap:1rem}.comment-list .comment-list{margin-inline-start:1.25rem;border-inline-start:2px solid var(--border);padding-inline-start:1rem}.comment{background:var(--surface2);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);padding:.9rem 1.1rem}.comment-meta{font-size:.82rem;color:var(--text3);margin:0 0 .3rem}.comment-author{font-weight:600;color:var(--text)}.comment-author.is-post-author::after{content:"Author";margin-inline-start:.4rem;font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:9.5px;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;background:var(--ink);color:var(--onInk);padding:.1rem .4rem;border-radius:999px}.comment-body{margin:0;white-space:pre-wrap}.comment-form{display:grid;gap:.7rem;margin-block:1rem;max-width:34rem}.comment-form label{font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;display:block;margin-block-end:.3rem}.comment-form .row{display:flex;gap:.8rem;flex-wrap:wrap}.comment-form .row>p{flex:1;min-width:12rem;margin:0}.comment-form p{margin:0}.form-note{color:var(--text3);font-size:.88rem}.form-note[role=alert]{color:#c0392b}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.form-note[role=alert]{color:#ff8b7a}}main{padding-block-end:3rem}main.wide{max-width:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;padding-inline:var(--gutter);padding-block-start:1.5rem}.archive-header{max-width:var(--container);margin-block-end:1.75rem}.archive-kind{font-family:var(--fontMono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--text3);margin:0 0 .3rem}.archive-header h1{font-size:32px}.archive-desc,.tagline{color:var(--text2);margin-block:.3rem 0}.site-footer{border-block-start:1px solid var(--border);margin-block-start:2rem}.footer-widgets{display:contents}.nilda-consent{position:fixed;inset-inline:1rem;inset-block-end:1rem;max-width:34rem;margin-inline:auto;background:var(--surface);color:var(--text);border:1px solid var(--border);border-radius:var(--radius-card);padding:1.1rem 1.3rem;box-shadow:var(--shadow);z-index:90}.nilda-consent p{margin:0 0 .8rem;font-size:.9rem;color:var(--text2)}.consent-options{list-style:none;display:grid;gap:.3rem;padding:0;margin:0 0 .8rem}.consent-options label{display:flex;gap:.5rem;align-items:center;font-size:.88rem}@keyframes ntshim{0%{background-position:-200% 0}100%{background-position:200% 0}}.wide{max-width:var(--container)!important}